Cold water immersion: Exploring the effects on well-being – scoping review

Abstract

Background. As the prevalence of mental health disorders continues to rise, there is a growing need for effective and accessible holistic approaches to promote well-being. Cold-water immersion (CWI) has gained popularity in recent years due to its potential health benefits. This scoping review aimed to investigate the qualitative benefits of CWI through the experiences of healthy individuals. Methods. A systematic search of seven databases was conducted and included both peer-reviewed and grey literature from the following databases: PubMed, Embase, Psychinfo, SPORTDiscus, Proquest Health and Medical, Proquest Dissertation and Theses Global, and CINAHL. Quantitative studies examining CWI and its effects on well-being, along with the CWI parameters were included to complement the qualitative findings. A qualitative content analysis was conducted through an inductive approach.  Results. In the initial search, 419 records were identified, out of which 13 studies were selected for inclusion in this review. A total of 34 unique codes were derived and grouped into eight content categories. Four overarching themes related to the CWI experiences were revealed: 1) physical and psychological health benefits, 2) connection to nature, 3) sense of connectedness, 4) personal growth. Conclusion. The experiences individuals gain from CWI are profound and can exert both direct and indirect influences on the promotion of well-being. However, further research is needed to establish the specific parameters that promote well-being through CWI.